农村饮水安全的实践经验与社会效益

长治市"十五"期间,累计投资2.14亿元,建成各类饮水解困工程1270处,解决了61.52万农村人口的饮水困难。2006年,全市投资6871万元,建成各类饮水安全工程269处,解决饮水安全人口16.86万人。饮水安全工程建设,促进了农村社会稳定和精神文明建设,解放了大批劳动力,加快了农村经济发展,促进了群众脱贫致富,改善了生态环境,提高了农民健康水平,社会效益显著。实践证明:加强组织领导、科学规划设计、多方筹集资金、严把施工质量、创新建管机制等措施,是保证工程建设和正常运行的重要环节。     

Irradiation stability of folic Acid in powder and aqueous solution

This study attempts to examine the folic acid stability after irradiation treatment, under different physical states, pH values, and atmosphere conditions. Aqueous folic acid samples, folic acid in powder, and wheat flour fortified with folic acid were irradiated by an electron beam (E-beam) between 0 (control) and 10.0 kGy. It was realized that the physical state of folic acid plays an important role on its stability toward E-beam processing, being largely unstable in solution, no matter the pH and atmosphere conditions assayed. Otherwise, folic acid in powder showed huge irradiation stability, even when mixed in a dry food matrix, such as fortified wheat flour samples.     

Infant feeding practices in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China

AIMS: To document infant feeding methods in the first six months of life in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China, 2003-2004. Some problems with breast-feeding in the area are explained. METHODS: A longitudinal study of infant feeding practices was undertaken. A total of 1219 mothers who delivered babies during 2003 and 2004 were interviewed in five hospitals or institutes, and after discharge were contacted in person or by telephone at approximately monthly intervals to obtain details of infant feeding practices. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore factors associated with breast-feeding initiation. RESULTS: 'Any breast-feeding' rates at discharge and at 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 6 months were 92.2, 91.3, 89.9, 88.8, 87.7, 86.0 and 73.0%, respectively. 'Exclusive breast-feeding' rates at discharge and at 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 6 months were 66.2, 47.6, 30.1, 25.8, 22.1, 13.0 and 6.2%, respectively. The main problem of breast-feeding in Xinjiang was the early introduction of formula or water. The average duration of 'exclusive breast-feeding' was 1.8 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7-2.0), of 'full breast-feeding' 2.8 months (95% CI 2.7-2.9) and of 'any breast-feeding' 5.3 months (95% CI 5.2-5.4). CONCLUSIONS: Infant feeding methods in Xinjiang were documented in this study and the main problems with infant feeding in Xinjiang are discussed. Further studies are needed to identify factors associated with 'exclusive breast-feeding' and duration.     

Transformation of bioactive compounds by Fusarium sacchari fungus isolated from the soil-cultivated ginseng

Ginsenoside bioactive compounds, namely, compound K (C-K), compound Mx (C-Mx), and ginsenoside Mc (G-Mc), were the metabolites of ginsenosides Rb 1, Rb 2, Rb 3, and Rc by intestinal microflora of humans or rats, microorganisms, and enzymes, and C-K showed beneficial effects in vitro and in vivo as an antitumoral agent. The objective of this work was to explore an efficient procedure for biotransformation of these bioactive compounds. Thus, a filamentous fungus, Fusarium sacchari, was first obtained from the soil-cultivated ginseng, which was verified to possess a potent capacity of transformation of C-K, C-Mx, and G-Mc. The optimal biotransformation conditions of F. sacchari with C-K, C-Mx, and G-Mc were obtained as follows: transforming temperature, 30 degrees C; transforming time, 6 days; rotary speed, 160 rpm; pH of the medium, 5.5. HPLC analysis indicated that these three bioactive compounds were key metabolites and their structures were confirmed by (1)H and (13)C NMR analysis. Moreover, the in vitro antitumor activities of C-K, C-Mx, and G-Mc and the in vivo antitumor activities of the transformed product mainly containing these compounds were also evaluated. Among C-K, C-Mx, and G-Mc, C-K exhibited the most potent antitumor activities. The in vivo study showed that the transformed products by F. sacchari had much more antitumor activity than those of commonly used ginsenoside Rg3 and Paclitaxel.     

北京地区基本农田土壤环境质量分析与评价

对北京地区基本农田的土壤环境质量和污染状况进行了系统的调研，并对采样区农田土壤的环境质量按照国家标准进行了单因子评价和综合评价。结果表明，重金属的污染程度依次为Cd > Cu > As > Pb > Cr > Hg，Cd，Cu，As高于北京市土壤重金属背景值，Pb、Cr接近或略低于背景值，相比较而言，Cd污染为北京市基本农田中的主要污染元素。土壤中的农药残留的主要成分为滴滴涕。只有1处农田的Cd含量超过了国家二级标准限量，其余指标均低于二级标准。整体而言，北京地区的基本农田土壤环境质量属于清洁和安全范围，符合发展都市型现代农业的要求。     

坚持生态修复与重点治理结合加快水土流失综合治理步伐

宜昌市夷陵区位于风景秀丽的长江西陵峡畔,严重水土流失是长期以来制约区域经济发展的障碍性因素。如何加快水土流失治理步伐服务区域经济发展,是我们面临的一个重要课题。通过采取重点治理与生态修复、综合治理与重点管护结合、生态修复与科学研究结合、国家投资与自筹资金结合等措施,取得了良好效果,值得推广和借鉴。     

基于PSR模型的能源-生态复合区生态安全预警研究——以山西省忻州市为例

[目的]以山西省忻州市为例,探讨能源与生态复合区生态安全预警,为区域生态保护规划及区域高质量发展提供依据。[方法]基于PSR概念模型框架,从人口、资源、经济、环境、生态要素选取了21个指标建立了能源—生态复合区生态安全预警评价指标体系,采用熵值法确定权重,对山西省忻州市2000—2018年生态安全预警进行分析。[结果]①2018年忻州市14县综合预警值介于0.356 2～0.587 0之间,平均值为0.491 2,预警等级处于中警至轻警范围内。其中忻府区、定襄、五台、繁峙、静乐5县(区)警情为中警状态,其余7县(市)均为轻警状态,忻州市整体生态安全并不乐观,生态安全等级较低。②2000—2018年忻州市生态安全预警值呈波动缓慢上升趋势,警情为中警等级的县减少,轻警等级的县增加。[结论]研究区生态安全空间上呈现不均衡性,警情整体趋于改善,主要取决于系统压力中的经济、资源、环境压力趋缓。     

基于限制因子改良与耕地质量潜力耦合的耕地整治分区

科学划定耕地整治重点区对于实现区域土地资源可持续利用具有重要意义。该研究以内蒙古河套-土默川平原为研究区，从农用地可改良限制因子角度出发，采取自然等提升潜力指数模型和局部空间自相关模型划分耕地质量提升潜力区，在耦合限制因子改良程度分级的基础上，确定耕地整治分区。研究结果：1）研究区耕地质量提升主要受限于土壤有机质含量和盐渍化程度，耕地整治难度整体呈现两边高中间低的趋势。2）研究区自然等提升潜力指数呈现西高东低的分布趋势，且耕地质量提升潜力空间差异明显，潜力提升呈现"低-低"聚集特征的耕地多分布在东部，呈现"高-高"聚集特征以及无聚集特征的耕地多分布在西部。3）研究区耕地共划分为4种整治类型，其中重点整治型耕地为0.84万hm2，是实施耕地整治的重点区域；选择整治型耕地为22.22万hm2，应选择其质量提升潜力相对较高且集中连片的地块进行整治；保护整治型耕地为54.98万hm2，应当被划入到基本农田保护区内；不宜整治型耕地为26.46万hm2，应当进行有选择地退出还林还草。该研究提出的研究方法可为细化限制因子在耕地整治分区中的应用提供参考，同时研究成果对半干旱区耕地整治具有现实指导意义。     

影响大蒜精油提取得率的工艺参数研究

研究了大蒜精油提取条件，包括反应温度、反应pH值、反应时间和蒸馏时间对大蒜精油提取得率的影响，初步确定了采用鲜蒜提取风味物质的最适工艺条件。     

生物质气化烤烟系统设计及节能与品质改善效果分析

针对传统间接换热式烤房存在的能源利用效率低，烤烟质量不易保证的问题，研究设计了一套以生物质燃气为能源，采用间接换热与直接换热相结合的方法进行烘烤的烤烟设备，通过这种改进，不但使烤烟房的效率有了较大幅度提高，而且由于直接换热过程中烟气所携带的CO₂有助于提高烤烟的质量，加之温湿度自动控制系统的采用，使得烤烟质量得以保证。实验表明该系统节能及品质改善效果都较传统间接换热式烤房有显著提高，系统热效率达58.3%，烟叶质量较对照传统烤房提高了1个等级。